Joint Pain When Smoking

about home education

http://olgapisaryk.livejournal.com/94378.html the link from loki_0
This article is the author olgapisaryk in the 11 th issue of "home child."
(with abbreviations, the link - full). There are a lot of numbers and statistics, and also refers to many popular objections - about socializing, etc. I would also note - supporters say the school standards - if not the overall program will still be different to learn, and we can not understand what everyone knows. Here you can look at the argument

Home Education in the U.S. and Canada: from extreme to mainstream
In 2007, newspaper San Francisco Chronicle (1) published an article under the headline "They did it again!". The article was written by the deputy director of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University Richard Souza (Richard Sousa).
«Well, they did it again! In May, a 13-year-old Evan O'Dorni, won national competitions in spelling (National Spelling Bee - one of the most prestigious competitions in the U.S., the annual finals held in Washington and broadcast on national television - OP). Evan learns at home, and he is not alone. Of those who got to the finals in Washington, 12.5% - houmskulery, in the final seven of these were three. Last year, 13.5% of children have passed the final enrollment of the house.

Champions National competitions in geography (National Geographic Bee) in 2003 and 2005 were houmskulery. In 2005, the 16-year-old won the championship houmskuler Chess USA, becoming the youngest champion since Bobby Fischer, who in 1958 won the title at age 14. But houmskulery constitute only about 3% of all American children. "

In recent years, and in Russia, home schooling children is becoming increasingly popular. So according to official statistics, in 2007 outside of educational institutions in Russia, 100 thousand children were enrolled: 19,5 thousand children - on external studies, 3.9 thousand children - in the form of family education and 79,2 thousand children received individual training at home (home-based training). Still houmskuling in Russia is still considered exotic, the lot of geniuses or kids who can not attend school for health reasons. Not surprisingly, that there is still no scientific study on houmskuleram Russia.

... In 2001, the Fraser Institute (Fraser Institute), Vancouver, Canada, published the results of research titled "Home Education: from extreme to mainstream» (Home Schooling: From Extreme to the Mainstream). (2) was presented analysis of more than 100 scientific papers, on houmskulingu and houmskuleram and attempted to answer the following questions:

- What is home schooling?
- How does the government regulate home schooling?
- What is the history of home schooling in North America?
- How many children are enrolled in such a way?
- Socio-demographic characteristics families who teach children at home
- academic achievements of pupils home
- The socialization of children
- Guidance for those involved in educational policy

This study was one of the most downloaded from the website of the Institute. In 2007, the team of authors prepared the 2-nd edition, taking into account more recent publications. Thus, to date, the study "Home Education: from extreme to mainstream," is the most comprehensive review of statistical data Home-education in the U.S. and Canada, covers publications released in the period 1986 - 2007 period.

History
For centuries, elementary education children receive at home. In the United States until the 1870's home schooling (by parents or with tutors) are the main form of education. The list of famous American houmskulerov the time U.S. President George Washington, John Quincy Adams, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, as well as such figures as Thomas A. Edison, writer Mark Twain, a businessman, Andrew Carnegie and many others.

At the end of XIX century in the United States began to appear in the school of their present form - a specially-adapted for children's education building with professionally trained teachers. Some parents continued to teach their children at home, but before 1960. practice of home schooling is very rare.

Growth
Over the past 25 years, and U.S. and Canada have very strong growth in the number of families deciding to teach their children at home.
example, in Canada, in 1979 the house has about 2000 children (excluding Quebec, for which data are available). (3) In 1996, the provincial Ministry of Education announced on 17 553 children studying at home, or 0,4% of the total number of registered students. This growth in 776% for 18 years.

In the United States in 1985, houses 50 000 children studied. In 1992, these students were already 300 000 in 1999 - 850 000. According to the National Center for Education Statistics United States (National Center of Education Statistics) in 2003 in the U.S. on home schooling were 1.1 million children, representing 2.5% of all students. (4), (5) For the 8 years since 1999, this figure rose to 74%, and all specialists agree that the growth trend will continue.

Motivating parents
So what drives the U.S. and Canadian parents to educate their children at home? Several important surveys of home-training includes questions for parents about the reasons for transferring their children at home training. Their responses can be summarized as follows:

- Ability to instill a child his own system of values;
- Best academic performance;
- Ability build closer and stronger relations between parents and children;
- a desire to give the child an opportunity to communicate with people of different ages and a deeper level;
- Ability to avoid a negative influence (drugs, alcohol, early sex) with controlled positive contacts with peers;
- More gentle treatment, which can provide training.

The latest polls also are increasing security problem of finding children in public schools. (6)

in distributing home schooling plays a significant role the availability of new technologies and the Internet. "Cheap computers software, the availability of the Internet and the increasing number of educational materials available online, inspiring an increasing number of Parents leave their children at home instead of sending them to school. "(3)

Socio-demographic characteristics of families, educate their children home

Over the past 25 years, the social structure of families in home schooling has grown considerably.
If previously it was mostly a hippie and leftist, or a Christian middle-class family, now among the parents, teaching their children at home are people of different religious beliefs and social layers. Still, parents, teaching their children at home are not a mirror of society.

Typically, they have the best education. 75% of American parents to teach their children at home, have completed education above the average (in the whole country the figure is 56%). (4), (7)

Most families - complete. In 2003, a survey of the National Center for Educational Statistics U.S. (National Center of Education Statistics), devoted to home education showed that 81% of the 'home' children live in families with two parents (4), (compare with 66% nationally). (5)

in Canada in January 2003, conducted a survey of 1,648 households, and home learning. 96.4% houmskul families were full of families. (8)

2001 study showed no dramatic differences in income between families and houmskulerov nehoumskulerov. 64% of households in each group have income of $ 50,000 per year or less. (9)

In the U.S., 48% of children in home schooling are brought up in families where both parents work (including "school" of children, the figure is 81%). (9) In Canada, third of mothers have an extra income, and a third of that third of the works of more than 15 hours per week. (8)

And in both Canada and the U.S., the number of family members higher than average. In 62% of the families who have home training - three or more children (among families whose children go to school, the figure is 44% and 56% of American households have only one or two children). (8), (4), (5)

academic success houmskulerov

Researchers difficult to generalize data on academic progress houmskulerov because it is very difficult to reach with a single standardized test, a relevant group of children receiving home schooling. Families can choose which test was produced when was produced and was produced there at all. It may be noted that study after study shows that home school children outperform their peers on test results.

One of the most serious research on academic achievement houmskulerov was conducted in 1998 by a leading expert on statistics and measurements of the University of Maryland, Lawrence Rudner (Dr.Lawrence Rudner). (10) Study measure the results test of basic skills to Iowa (Iova Test of Basic Scills) 20760 houmskulerov from all 50 U.S. states. Rudner found that the "median test results for houmskulerov strongly outperform their peers from public and private (!) schools. »

houmskulerov Mean scores in reading were between 82m and 92m percentile, and math - Reached 85go percentile. In general, test results have houmskulerov were between 75m and 85m percentiles. The result of pupils in public schools was - 50 percentile and the students of private schools - from 65ti 75ti percentile up. In concluding his study Rudner noted that "those parents who chose to educate their children at home able to provide them with a very successful academic environment. "

Clive Belfield (Clive Belfield) and Henry Levin (Henry Levin), in a recent study challenged such a large houmskulerov advantage over students in private schools, but also confirm the significant differences in academic uspehaha between houmskulerami and students public schools. (11)

Interestingly, the test results are not affected by the presence of someone from the parents of a diploma teacher. But there is difference in the results between children of parents with higher education and the children of parents with no education above the average. The difference is insignificant, especially when compared with the data in public schools.

Do mothers higher education diploma or she graduated from high school, the results of tests that must be submitted houmskulerami, fluctuate between 80m and 90m percentiles. In public schools, test scores of pupils whose parents have a diploma of higher education reached the 63rd percentile and the students whose parents did not finish school, have reached only 28th percentile.

Thus children in home schooling parents who have not completed school, reached the 55 percentiles higher in math and 49 percentiles higher in reading than their peers in public schools come from families with similar educational levels. (12)

Nearly a quarter (24.5 percent) covered by the studies of children demonstrate knowledge of the program for one or more class than his age. In elementary school, (1 - 4 class) ahead of the curve is an average of one year to the eighth grade this difference amounts to four years. (12)

Empirical data clearly demonstrate that home schooling can negate the potential negative factors that strongly influence the study in public schools. Low family income lack of higher education of parents, lack of parent teacher diploma, racial or ethnic characteristics of pupils, lack of computer house, a rare visit to the library, a relatively late start of formal education, a relatively short time allotted for formal training, children with a large (small) number of siblings - all of it almost does not affect the academic success of children home, unlike their peers from public schools. (12)

Data for Canada is less, but those that have something in common with the data on the U.S.. In 1993, Brian Ray (Dr.Brian D. Ray) to conduct nationwide study of home education in Canada. The average household pupils achieved 80go percentile in reading, writing, and in 76go 79go in mathematics. Average percentile for the students of public and private schools was - 50. (13) Study on the 2003rd year found that students who study at home "show results higher than the norm." (8)

Research in the U.S., Canada and England give approximately equal numbers, indicating a trend in general, regardless of country of study. For example, a three year study by researchers University of Durham in England (Univercity of Durham, England) found that children who study at home well ahead of his high school peers in math and reading. (14)

Excellent Preparation of 'home' children were not passed by the attention admissions of American universities. If in 2000 only 52% of American high schools have a formal procedure for the evaluation of knowledge houmskulerov, but in 2004 these schools were already 83%. In the absence of school diplomas colleges offer applicants to take standardized tests, taking letters of recommendation and a portfolio of work. (15)

69% of domestic students planning to pursue higher education. They are glad the best universities USA. According to John Raider (Jon Reider), a member of the admissions committee at Stanford University, "in addition to excellent knowledge houmskulery have a number of qualities that are rarely encountered in graduate school, it's motivation, curiosity and ability to take responsibility for their own learning. »

Socialization

Perhaps one the most common stereotypes about children who are studying at home, this is what they are reclusive, sitting at home, communicate only with members of his family and not being able to build social connections. All this - erroneous stereotypes.

study in 2002 showed that the average houmskuler regularly involved no less than eight sessions outside the home, including sports clubs, art studios, music schools, scout meetings, regular meetings with friends, work, volunteer activities, church attendance, excursions and participation in cooperative programs for domestic students. (8)

Such activity partially explains the fact that "home" children are much less likely than their school peers are watching TV. In the U.S., no more than an hour a day watching television: 65% of children in home schooling, and 25% of children in the whole country. Among the students of 4 classes in public schools 40% are watching TV more than 3 hours a day. Among the "home" children this figure is only 1.6%. (10)

In 1992, Professor Larry Shayers (Larry Shyers) tried to determine whether children are suffering at the home schooling of the backlog in social development. He watched the children in free play and group lessons. Shayers found that children who had studied in school, had more problems with behavior, than their domestic counterparts. Perhaps because children in domestic behaviors are the responsible adults rather than peers. (16)

According to the study 1,648 households practicing home schooling, the former houmskulerov level of satisfaction with quality of life much higher than their school peers. (8)

American Research confirms the findings of Canadian researchers. Researcher in the field of education policy by J. Gary Knowles (J. Gary Knowles), said: "I have not met evidence that these adults even in something behind ... Two-thirds of them are married, which is normal for their age, none of them unemployed or sitting on manual. "(17) Another scholar argues that domestic students are more mature and better socialized than graduates of public or private schools. (18)

There is evidence that children on home schooling more friendly and more independent of the opinions of their peers. Raymond Moore's research suggests that houmskulery happier, better prepared for life and a lot more confident in comparison with their peers-students. (19)

Professor John Taylor (Prof. John Taylor) (20) notes, that at home kids a higher level of confidence, Professor Mona Delahuk (Prof. Mona Delahooke, 1986) (21) states that "home" Children are much rarer behavior problems; "home" children are better socialized, more independent-minded and friendly, less fall under the influence of peers.

High socialization of children's home partly explained by the fact that in every Canadian province and in every U.S. state there is at least one houmskul Association. And 85% houmskulerov or belongs to any organization or planning to join in the near future. (22) "Association houmskulerov offer home children the opportunity to interact with other houmskulerami either online or in a jointly organized by the school or on excursions, or in informal meetings. Many associations jointly leased premises under the occupation, have the library, organize sports teams and competitions for children. (23) Most associations distribute newsletters, provide legal assistance, sponsors conferences and invited lectures, and some even spend their final night.

Conclusions

inconspicuous on the top of the movement for home schooling for 40 years of its existence turned into a full-fledged alternative to both public and private schools. Home schooling - is still not the norm, it is not and never will be perfect or affordable for all families. But the practice of home schooling shows that it is relatively inexpensive and very effective alternative to the public and private education. Many researchers see in this form, the prototype of much-needed school reforms. Because in spite of the ever-increasing amount public education, the results are less and less satisfied with their parents.

As noted by the researcher Isabel Lyman (Isabel Lyman): "At home form of training, with minimal interference from the state and hundredths of those sums, in which costs to any government program, grow up literate educated people. "(24)

difference in the cost of home and school education is very significant. So the average family in the home schooling spends in a year is less than $ 4000, including the costs of excursions, mugs, books and tutors (25). These costs may relate to several children in the family, but they do not consider the money that the family loses as a result of the fact that there is only one parent. Public schools in the 2003-2004 academic year, spent $ 9,644 per student. (26) This is without taking into account the regular school fundraising and collecting money from parents. If we recall that the test results home students is 85 percentile, and school children - 50 percentile, then home schooling is a model of economy and efficiency.

further deregulation home education from the state will facilitate the task of parents to their children's education at home. In the U.S., different states have different requirements for parents who want to teach their children at home. In states with a high degree of regulation of houmskulerov need to provide curricula to comply with officials approved the program, pass standardized tests in states with a moderate degree of regulation from parents usually require a written notice that they intend to teach your child at home, in states with low degree of control parents in general do not have contact with authorities education. Moreover, all studies show that the degree of state intervention in the process houmskulinga does not affect the academic success children, nor on their socialization. But in states with high levels of regulation of children in home schooling is lower and the share of education spending in the budget respectively, above.

idea of home schooling is gaining support among the population. Increase in the number houmskulerov and their successes in life have long change public opinion in favor of home schooling. If in 1985 only 17% of the population considered home education a good thing, (27) in 1997 this figure had risen to 43%. (28) In 1998, according to Newsweek magazine poll (Newsweek) found that 59% of Americans agree that children learn at home, have a level of education, at least no worse than their school rovestniki. (29)

Over the last 30-40 years of home education in the United States and Canada has established itself as a highly successful alternative schooling. About houmskulinge spoken of as a phenomenon that could serve as a prototype for future reforms in education. The close cooperation of students with teachers, high motivation, an individual approach to learning - all this is an almost unattainable ideal not only for government but for the elite private schools. And it is also a component of the normal working of home schooling.

We are well aware that houmskuling never will not be the lot of the majority. Need to develop other forms of free education: the free schools, religious schools, technical and humanitarian, cooperative and private, as well as the Institute of Handicrafts, distance learning, and any other forms of education, which will be in demand. But for now Day in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, home-schooling in the form of family education, external or individual plan is virtually the only ability relatively quickly (within a few days or months), relatively cheap (home schooling on average, cheaper training private schools) and legally free the child from a public school system. Perhaps houmskuling not the best way of obtaining education for all, but it works great for many.

Footnotes :
1. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2007/06/11/EDGKOP3DE31.DTL
2. http://www.fraserinstitute.org/research-news/display.aspx?id=13089
3. Wake, Bev «Home Schooling Gets Top Marks», Ottawa Citizen, September 7, 2000.
4. US Department of Education (USDOE). The Condition of Education 2005 (NCES 2005-094). US Department of Education, National Centre for Education Statistics.
5. US Census Bureau. «P029: Family Type by Presence and Age of Related Children.» 2003 American Community Survey Summary Tables.
6. Krumbine, Marcy. «There's No Place Like Home.» Homeschool Associates. 2004
7. US Census Bureau. Current Population Survey, 2006 Annual Social and Economic Supplement (March).
8. Van Pelt, Deani. Home Education in Canada. London, ON: Canadian Centre for Home Education, 2003.
9. Bielick, S., Chandler, and S.P. Broughman. Homeschooling in the United States: 1999 (NCES 2001-033). Washington, DC: US Department of Education, National centre for Education Statistics, 2001.
10. Rudner, Lawrence M. «Scholastic Achievement and Demografic Characteristics of Home School Students in 1998.» Educational Policy analises Archieves 7 (8) (March 23, 1999)
11. Belfield, Clive R. and Henry M. LevinPrivatizing Education Choice: Consequences for Parents, Schools and Public Policy. Boulder CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2005.
12. Ray, Brian D. Strengthens of Their own – Home Schoolers Across America: Academic Achievement, Family Characteristics, and Longitudinal Traits. Salem, OR: National Home Education Research Institute, 1997.
13. Ray Brian D. A Nationwide Study of Home Education in Canada: Family, Characteristics, Student Achievement and Other Topics. Salem, OR: National Home Education Research Institute, 1994.
14. Livni, Ephratt. «Keeping the Faith.» ABC News (August 23, 2000.
15. Chandler, Michael Alison. «Giving Proper Credit to Home-Schooled.» Washington Post (June 11, 2007), p. B01.
16. Shyers, Larry. Comparison of Social Adjustment Between Home and Traditionally schooled Students. PhD dissertation. University of Florida, 1992.
17. Knowles, J.Gary. Now We Are Adults: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Status of Adults Who Were Home-educated as Children. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association. Chicago, April 3-7, 1991.
18. Smedley, Thomas C. Socialization of Home Schooled Children: A Communication Approach. Unpublished Master of Science thesis. Radford, VA: Radford University, 1992.
19. Moore R. «Research on Sociability.» The Parent Educator and Family Report 4:1. 1986.
20. Taylor, John. Self-Concept in Homeschooling Children/ Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International. 1986.
21. Delahooke, Mona. Home Educated Children's Social
24. Lyman, Isabel. Home Schooling: Back to the Future? Cato Institute Policy Analisis no.2 94 (January 7, 1998).
25. Homefires. Reader's Survey: What It Cost to Homeschool? 2006.
26. US Department of Education (USDOE). Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education: School year 2002-2003 (NCES 2005 – 353). US Department of Education, National centre for Education Statistics, 2005.
27. Gallup, Alec M., and Stanley M. Elam. "The 20th Annual Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools." Phi Delta Kappan 70, 1 (1988): 33-46.
28. Rose, Lowell C.; Alec M. Gallup; and Stanley M. Elam. "The 29th Annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools. "Phi Delta Kappan 79, 1 (September 1997): 41-56.
29. Kantrowitz, Barbara and Pat Wingert.« Home Schooling - Learning at Home: Does It Pass The Test? »Newsweek. Cover Story (October 5, 1998).